Rosh Hashana 3:1 — Who Declares the Month, and What If They Are Too Late
The Lived Mishnah·A Zeman Nakat Project
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Rosh HashanaMesechtaמסכתראש השנה
3Perekפרקג׳
1Mishnahמשנהא׳
Mishnah ראש השנה ג׳:א׳ · Rosh Hashana 3:1
רָאוּהוּ בֵית דִּין וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל,
נֶחְקְרוּ הָעֵדִים,
וְלֹא הִסְפִּיקוּ לוֹמַר מְקֻדָּשׁ,
עַד שֶׁחֲשֵׁכָה,
הֲרֵי זֶה מְעֻבָּר.
רָאוּהוּ בֵית דִּין בִּלְבַד,
יַעַמְדוּ שְׁנַיִם וְיָעִידוּ בִפְנֵיהֶם,
וְיֹאמְרוּ מְקֻדָּשׁ מְקֻדָּשׁ.
רָאוּהוּ שְׁלשָׁה וְהֵן בֵּית דִּין,
יַעַמְדוּ הַשְּׁנַיִם
וְיוֹשִׁיבוּ מֵחַבְרֵיהֶם אֵצֶל הַיָּחִיד
וְיָעִידוּ בִפְנֵיהֶם,
וְיֹאמְרוּ מְקֻדָּשׁ מְקֻדָּשׁ,
שֶׁאֵין הַיָּחִיד נֶאֱמָן עַל יְדֵי עַצְמוֹ:
The beis din and all of Yisrael saw it,
or the witnesses were examined,
and there was no time left for the beis din to say mekudash — sanctified —
before it got dark:
then this month is me'ubar — made a full one.
The beis din alone saw it:
two of the judges stand and testify before the rest of the beis din,
and the beis din says: Mekudash, mekudash.
Three men saw it, and those three are the beis din:
two of the three stand,
and seat two of their colleagues beside the lone judge,
and testify before those three,
and they say: Mekudash, mekudash —
because the lone judge is not believed on his own.
A reading aid, not an exact translation.
This English is a clause-by-clause rendering to help you follow the Hebrew. It is not word-for-word literal, and it is not a transcript of the recorded shiur — the audio carries explanation and context the translation deliberately leaves out.
case/objectrestrictive rulingpermissive rulingreason
Structure
The shape of it▾
Summary Chart
Who Declares the Month, and What If They Are Too Late▾
| Case | Ruling | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Is the thirtieth still Rosh Chodesh if night fell before beis din said Mekudash? | No, the month is made full | — |
| Can the month be sanctified when only beis din saw the new moon? | Yes — two of them testify to the rest, and then they declare it | — |
| What if only three saw it, and those three are the whole court? | Yes — two colleagues are seated beside the third, and then they declare it | one man is not believed on his own |
Transcript
A machine transcript of the recorded shiur.
This is the shiur as spoken, transcribed automatically and left unedited — the wording is Ephraim's, and occasional transcription errors remain. It follows the audio word by word.
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